Here we talk about things that can go wrong in a whole software organisation such that even if everybody does their job to the best of their ability, and they have a good ability, the result is far from optimal.
Identifying these sorts of things relies on being able to see the whole system as, well, a system. A great resource for learning about this is the Donella Meadows project, and you can start with her book Thinking in Systems: a Primer.
